Proxemics is the study of the function of space in communication.  It refers to how people unconsciously structure their space, including the distances they keep from others during interactions and how they organize their personal areas like their home and office.  Proxemics ultimately depends on a variety of factors, including gender, age, and personality (DeVito, 2005).

Proxemic Distances

There are four distances used in communication that define the relationship between interacting people; these distances in and of themselves communicate a specific message.
Intimate distance: This distance ranges from actual touching to about 18 inches and is usually reserved for people in a romantic relationship. The people involved can remain at such close proxemics because they have established a sense of comfort and protection. 
Personal distance: Personal distance makes up a person's protective bubble and usually measures between 18 inches and 4 feet.  This bubble keeps a person protected from others because it limits touch.  Only certain individuals like loved ones are allowed within the inner limits of the bubble while others are kept at a safe distance. 
Social distance: This distance ranges from about 4 to 12 feet, resulting in the loss of visual detail that is provided at a personal distance.  It is used to conduct impersonal business and within social gatherings; thus, the more distance maintained in interactions, the more formal they appear.
Public distance: Public distance measures from 12 to 25 feet or more and is used for protection.  Although a person is too far to notice the details of the face or eyes, he/she is still close enough to observe what is happening.